Shiver my timbers

The other day, you remember, that day when the sun was shining, I thought about getting out and about with my camera.  One of the places I wanted to visit was Bucklers Hard, an attractive place in itself, but what interested me was that fact that it was an important centre for shipbuilding in the 18th and 19th centuries, using timber from the New Forest.  Shipbuilders in those days were ideally located near both the ports they served and the sources of timber.  Association of ideas then took me off to the HMS Victory in Portsmouth which I saw earlier this year.

There were so many different woods used on HMS Victory, from the structure of the hull down to the food barrels and the brooms used to sweep the decks.

• Oak

We probably all think of oak as being the timber used - "Hearts of Oak" - and it was, 90% of the Victory was oak.  It took the equivalent of 100 acres of woodland, and the need for regeneration of forests was understood even then.  Admiral Collingwood used to fill his pockets with acorns to scatter in suitable places, to ensure future supplies.  An act of considerable optimism.

• Elm

Elm was valuable to ship builders because it doesn't rot when kept in water.  The keel of the Victory and the planking under the waterline were made from lengths of elm.  It was also used for casing the pumps, in the capstan used to raise the ship's anchor, in pulleys, and for the gun carriages.  Its strong and irregular grain and bendable nature made it ideal for planking in the ship's boats too, used not as lifeboats but as tugs or for transporting goods and people.

• Pine

Scots pine, fir and spruce were used to make masts because they grow tall and straight, as well as being supple and lightweight.  As there wasn't enough Scots pine available, a great deal of wood had to be imported from the Baltic.

The figurehead would have been carved from elm or oak because it had to be able to withstand the elements in the very exposed position it held.

• Ash

The wood from ash trees is strong and springy, and tolerates impact.  It  was used to make the ship's wheel, the tiller, poles to ram shot into the guns, and as levers and pulleys.

• Yew

The wood from this tree was seen in contrasting places on HMS Victory. Below the waterline was the carpenter's store room and where the tool handles were yew.  High above in the admiral's quarters at the stern of the ship, some of Nelson's finest pieces of furniture would have been made from yew.  The beautiful deep colour was much sought after.

• Hazel

Hazel wood is an inexpensive and widely available wood, that regrows quickly when cut back to the ground.  At the time of HMS Victory it was very widely used.  Being flexible and strong it was used for the hoops that bound together wooden casks that contained food such as peas, oatmeal, biscuit and other dried food.  It was also used for hoops on gunpowder barrels. 

• Black poplar

For safety reasons cartridges were transported in boxes from the gunpowder store to the guns.  Boxes varied in size according to the type of cartridges needed for each gun.  They had to be lightweight so the cases were made from poplar and fitted with an elm lid.  There were 240 of these cases on the Victory.

• Alder, birch, rowan and willow

These were all used in the making of charcoal which in turn was used to make gunpowder.  Charcoal was also used to keep the gunpowder dry.  Rowan wood had an additional use in bowls and plates.

• Beech

Beech trees produce hard, fine grained, easily worked wood.  It was used for internal woodwork and furniture and pulleys

• Silver Birch

Finally, last but not least, silver birch. Twigs from this lovely tree were plentiful and cheap. Brooms and brushes were made of them by the ship's boys who were given the most menial tasks. The youngest crew member on the Victory was just 12 years old.

After a long list like that, it's easy to see that woods and forests played a huge part but were quickly depleted.  Three of the ships built  in Bucklers Hard were at the Battle of Trafalgar so the demand for wood was high.  Nelson himself acknowledged the importance of trees to the success of the British navy and, in 1803, wrote to Parliament calling for more trees to be planted to safeguard ship building timber supplies.  Two hundred years after that battle, the Woodland Trust is engaged in a five year project to plant 12 million trees in 33 woods throughout the UK, the Trafalgar Woods project.  Each wood is named after one of the ships in the battle - 27 ships of the line plus support vessels.

The Project celebrates the crucial part played by timber in the UK's nautical past, links the past with the present, and regenerates the landscape.  It is a unique but very appropriate way to remember the battle, echoing commemorative tree-planting done at the time.

Figureheads

1. A person with an important title but no real authority.
2. A carved figure on the prow of a ship.

The carved figure on a ship looks important but has no real power either. They were often used to indicate the name of the ship, and the power and wealth of the owner. Contrary to some popular belief, they aren't always naked women.

The following can be found at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard.

This is from HMS Trafalgar, a 120 gun first rate ship of the line, built at Woolwich in 1841 and named after Nelson's famous victory.

The figurehead from HMS Benbow, a 72 gun third rate ship of the line, launched at Rotherhithe in 1813.

The bow of HMS Victory with its figurehead which consists of two cupids supporting the royal coat of arms surmounted with the royal crown. The arms bear the Norman French inscription of the Order of the Garter: Honi Soit Qui Mal Y Pense. Translated this means: Shame to him who evil thinks.

A female figurehead with a rather loose dress.

Another female whose dress seems to be largely missing. She's missing an arm too.

Once long ago I sailed the sea
At the prow of a sailing ship was I,
Bearing the brunt of crested wave,
Fighting the seas when winds were high.

This chap can't be a figurehead I'm sure, but he looks much more fun than the others - not too worried about rules. I don't think he can be British, insufficient reserve. :)

All you could possibly want to know about figureheads can be found at The Figurehead Archives.